In public debate, cotton is often portrayed as a particularly "thirsty" plant. Figures of 10,000 to 17,000 liters of water per kilogram of cotton are regularly cited. However, according to assessments by the Bremen Cotton Exchange, these figures are greatly exaggerated and not very meaningful, as they disregard important differences.

First and foremost, the biological classification of the cotton plant is essential. It belongs to the so-called xerophytes – plants adapted to dry conditions and able to store water efficiently. Indeed, cotton requires a relatively large amount of water in the first few months of its growth, particularly to establish stable yields. After that, however, it can largely manage without additional irrigation, provided natural conditions are favorable.

Cotton has a fine, extensive root system that allows it to access water reserves in the soil. However, this requires healthy, living soil. This is precisely where a central problem lies in many growing regions: monocultures and intensive farming cause soils to lose their ability to retain water. Crop rotation and organic matter in the soil are therefore crucial for sustainably stabilizing the water balance.

Another critical factor is the type of irrigation. Widespread surface irrigation leads to high evaporation losses, where a large portion of the applied water never reaches the plant. Drip irrigation, in which water is applied directly into the soil, is more efficient. It significantly reduces water consumption and also prevents soil salinization.

Another factor is the question of the right location. Cotton thrives best in regions with a balanced combination of warmth, dryness, and seasonal rainfall. These conditions are primarily found between 32 degrees south latitude and 37 degrees north latitude, for example in parts of West Africa, Turkey, and India. If cotton is grown outside these zones, the need for irrigation and chemical inputs increases considerably – with corresponding environmental consequences.

The distinction between conventional and organic cotton is particularly important. Studies, including those by Textile Exchange, show that water consumption in organic cotton farming is significantly lower. At the same time, the soils in organic farming systems are better able to retain water, which leads to more stable yields and less dependence on artificial irrigation in the long term.